Innate Immune Sensing of Retroviral Infection via Toll-like Receptor 7 Occurs upon Viral Entry

Innate immune sensing of retroviral infection via Toll-like receptor 7 occurs upon viral entry.

Innate immune sensors are required for induction of pathogen-specific immune responses. Retroviruses are notorious for their ability to evade immune defenses and establish long-term persistence in susceptible hosts. However, some infected animals are able to develop efficient virus-specific immune responses, and thus can be employed for identification of critical innate virus-sensing mechanisms...

Sensing of viral infection and activation of innate immunity by toll-like receptor 3.

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) form a major group of transmembrane receptors that are involved in the detection of invading pathogens. Double-stranded RNA is a marker for viral infection that is recognized by TLR3. TLR3 triggering activates specific signaling pathways that culminate in the activation of NF-kappaB and IRF3 transcription factors, as well as apoptosis, enabling the host to mount an ef...

Innate Immune System Occurs Via Toll - Like Bacterial Cell Wall Components

Cytosolic Innate Immune Sensing and Signaling upon Infection

Cytosolic sensing of pathogens is essential to a productive immune response. Recent reports have emphasized the importance of signaling platforms emanating from organelles and cytosolic sensors, particularly during the response to intracellular pathogens. Here, we highlight recent discoveries identifying the key mediators of nucleic acid and cyclic nucleotide sensing and discuss their importanc...

Viral Double-Strand RNA-Binding Proteins Can Enhance Innate Immune Signaling by Toll-Like Receptor 3

Toll-like Receptor 3 (TLR3) detects double-stranded (ds) RNAs to activate innate immune responses. While poly(I:C) is an excellent agonist for TLR3 in several cell lines and in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells, viral dsRNAs tend to be poor agonists, leading to the hypothesis that additional factor(s) are likely required to allow TLR3 to respond to viral dsRNAs. TLR3 signaling was examin...